- To a root
- To a termination (root + suffix)
- Remove the words "pertaining to" form your definition
- Place the remaining the definition in this sentence:
- If the resulting sentence is grammatically correct, you need the "pertaining to".
- Transdermal
- Hypoglycemic ("pertaining to a deficiency of sugar")
- Applies to prefixes which end in a vowel.
- Sometimes, the final vowel in the prefix is dropped if the following root begins with a vowel or "h".
- -iasis vs -osis
, -osis is the one you use unless told to use -iasis, but -osis has a second meaning so look carefully at -isasis remember this for exams> - -ics vs -logy the study of something < -logy is the one you use the most>
- -ous -ous "mucus" vs. "mucous" < mucus is a noun, mucous is an adjective>
- the condition of having a faulty jaw
- a faulty jaw
- a malformed jaw
- "above" in an excessive but more positive, superior sense
- "above" in locative sense
Grammar Rules - Continuation
Prefix - an element "fixed in front" of a root
Five prefixes
a - , dys- , eu- , hyper- , hypo-
These prefixes may be found attached either
It is attaching to a root in both instances because
The root is burried in a termination.
Acrodysesthesia
Acr + o + dys + esthesia
R P T
(limb) (sensation)
"faulty sensation in the limbs"
[not : sensation in faulty limbs]
Adjectives are attached to the noun that they are modifying
In this instance the noun that is being modified is esthesia, not limb.
Note : faulty sensation
Neurasthenia
Neur + a + sthenia
R P T
(nerve) (strength)
"lack of strength in the nerves"
Note: lack strength ( lack is attached to strength), attached to the termination
In some instances, a term can be composed entirely of a prefix + termination.
Asthenia
a+ sthenia
P T
"lack of strength"
How to translate a term which contains both a prefix and an adjectivial suffix
= "pertaining to"
(="located in")
-ic -ical -ac -eal -ine -al -ar -ary -ous
The combination of a prefix and an adjectival suffix
may involve redundancies which must be avoided.
Transdermal
trans- through
derm- the skin
-al pertaining to
"pertaining to through the skin" [redundant English]
"through the skin" [correct English]
If in doubt, use this strategy:
Transdermal
[pertaining to] through the skin
"I like ____"
"I like through the skin.
If the resulting sentence is grammatically incorrect, abandon the "pertaining to."
"I like through the skin."
[not grammatically correct: drop "pertaining to"]
"I like a deficiency of sugar."
[grammatically correct: keep "pertaining to" in your definition]
Prefixes and Connecting Vowels
Prefix is never followed by a connecting vowel.
Intrathroacic intra + thorac + ic
Prefix might be preceded by one:
Mentopericheilitis ment + o + peri + cheil + it is
The five prefixes: a-, dys- , eu-, hyper- , hypo-
User a connecting vowel before dys- if it is attached to a termination
Acrodysesthesia acr + o + dysesthesia
Neruasthenia neur + asthenia
Elision and assimilation for prefixes
Elision
hypoalgesia
hypalgesia
Both of thee words exist, and they are both acceptable. Because there is already
an a, so the o is unnecessary.
Not all prefixes which end in vowels are able to elide.
See the course homepage for the file Elision and Assimilation for a list of prefixes which can never elide.
Be ready to recognize an elided prefix in a term, but never elide a prefix unless yo uare asked to
Assimilation
Applies to prefixes which end in consonants.
e.g. con-
If a prefix which ends in a consonant is placed before a root which begins with a consonant, the two consonants are both open to linguistic change.
Example:
con + m, b, or p = com
con + mensal = commensal (not conmensal)
Singulars and Plurals
Most nouns in this terminology refer to either singular or plural:
om- = shoulder, shoulders
(made up word)
omologist "a specialist in the study of the shoulder"
"a specialist in the study of shoulders"
Some English nouns still retain their original Greek or Latin plurals.
labium, pl. labia
ganglion, pl. ganglia
You must know any plurals indicated in the Vocabulary Lists.
Module 2 and 3
Vocabulary Notes
Roots
cheir- [grk] - hand
cheir- cheirarthritis
chir- chiropractic
chiroptera
order Chiroptera
-pter "flying" bat [flying hand]
cheir -erg "work"
French: chirurgien
English: surgeon
omphal- [grk] - belly button
umbilic - [lat]
note: if it has a ph, ch it is greek
The Omphalos
from the Temple of the Apollo in Delphi.
"The Belly-Button of the Ancient world"
Clinical Suffixes
Grammatical Suffixes
-ia, -y "condition of", "condition characterized by"
acephalorrhachia
"condition characterized by the absence of a head and spine"
"the absence of a head and spine"
Terminations
-tomy
-ectomy
-ostomy
-tom ("cut" in Greek)
ec- ("out" in Greek) [cf. ex- (Lat)] cf. = "compare"
stom- ("mouth , opening" in Grk)
-gram -graph, -graphy
ex. Telegram - gram is an actual thing/ object
ex. telgrap h - graph is something that is used to create something
ex. telegraphy- graphy is the process of doing something
these three come from the Greek word graphein "to write"
-scope, -scopy "visual examination"
Be careful to use the world "visual" when you use -scope and -scopy Stethoscope is not a visual examination (note: it is an exception)
Prefixes
dys-
"faulty," "bad," "difficult" [adjective]
"with difficulty," "badly" [adverb]
dysgnathia
These are the range of transformations that are available to dys-
Sometimes it is adverbial sometimes it is adjectival
hyper-, super- , supra-
these are not interchangeable!!
hyper- "above" (mostly in negative sense)
hyperkinetic "excessive movement"
"greater than normal movement"
super-
Superman!
supermedial "located above the middle"
supra- "above" in locative sense only
suprabuccal "above the cheek"
hypo- sub-, infra-
Also not generally interchangeable.
All three have a locative sense: "below" "under"
hypodermic "under the skin"
subcaudal "below the tail"
infraumbicular "below the navel"
hypo- , sub-
"deficiency" "lower than normal"
hypokinesis "lower than normal rate of movement"
subnormal 'less than normal"
syn- , con-
"with", "together" ; "fused"
syndactylous - pertaining to fused digits
Tutorials - vocabulary quiz, exercises in creating terms and definitions
Lectures will be on Mod 1.
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