CLST 301 - Lecture 8

Things to keep in mind when defining terms

Definitions must be

• logical
• grammatical
• take in al elements of the term.

ex. narcostat

1. an agent usd to control sleep
2. a device usd to control sleep
3. an agent used to control stupor

Definitions must be stated in idiomatic, everyday English.

ex. misogamy

1. an aversion to marriage
2. dislike or hatred of marriage
3. (not acceptable: marriage aversion]

ex. dysgeusia

1. a faulty sense of taste
2. a sense of taste which is faulty
3. an impaired sense of taste
4. [not acceptable: bad sense of taste]
5. [not acceptable: bad taste]

Module 5: Anatomical Roots: The Nervous System

cerebrum (largest part of the brain)   "brain"   [Ltn]

cerebellum (posterior part of the brain)  "little brain"

encephalon   en-cephalon   "brain"   [Greek]

Plato: "The seat of cognition is in the brain."

Aristotle: "The seat of cognition is in the heart."

dendr-    "dendrite"     ( used for thinking on a microscopic level)

dendrites    dendron ("tree") [Grk]

rhododendron   "red tree"

ganglion    pl. ganglia    "knot"  [Grk]

First use of term in reference to nervous tissue made by Galen.

gli-   "glia".   The 'glue' that holds together the brain

Greek term,  related to English glue.

thalamos       room, bedroom [ Grk]

• thalamus,   can't see it without cutting through to get into it.
• because you have do dig deeply to get to it…

hypothalam-    hypothalamus

• located below the thalamus

medull-    (Lat., from "medius" middle)

"medulla" refers to the core of any biological structure:

myel-  [Grk]   "bone marrow," "spinal cord".

mening-

meninge-

meningi-  
Meninges  <- 

Dura mater -- outer layer lining skull

Arachnoid(mater)-- contains blood vessels

Pia mater - covers brain

mater-    mother [Ltn]  (i.e. protective)

dura   "hard"   

dura mater: trans. of Arabic phrase into Latin.

arachn-   "spider web"

pia  "tender"

neur-    neuron [Grk]

nerv-    nervus [Ltn]      both mean "a substance stretched taut/tight"

neur-

neuron: originally used for all body parts with stretched, cordlike structure (tendons, sinews , nerves).

Aristotle and Galen both restricted neur- to nerves.

pont-   "pons" (= a bridge of tissue)  "pons Varolii"

pons, pontis   "bridge" [Ltn]

rhiz-,  radic- , radicul-

venter  "belly" [Ltn]

ventr-   abdomen, but in Latin it stood for belly

ventricles: "little bellies" of the brain (there are "little bellies" in the heart too)

Roots for Cognition

phob-

-phobe

-phobia    a persistent and irrational fear

important to use this exact definition, persistent and irrational

phren- *

psych-

ment-*    mind; mental activity ( don't confuse chin with mind)
If it's dealing with a structure then it's for chin.

psyche [Grk] -  "soul" "spirit" "breath of life"

Psyche: Greco-Roman goddess

Terminations

-oncus

-oma    (sing.)

-omata  (pl.)

tumour (tumor);  swelling of; abnormal mass

definition of tumour: abnormal growth of tissue which usually forms a lump

not all tumours are cancerous, but these endings are often used for cancerous tumours.

-carcinoma  

cancer  [Ltn]

karkinos (carcinos) [Grk]

used when describing a cancerous tumour

-mania

-maniac   "excessive preoccupation with"

"madness" in Greek

reminder : tutorials are 25% of the course grade.

Format of Tutorials

Every tutorial will have:

• Vocabulary Quiz (cumulative)
• usually worth 10 marks (.5 mark each)
• no partial marks

• Exercises in creating/ defining terms
• working with a partner or alone
• with or without access to notes
• mark values will vary with exercise
• no partial marks

Week of Feb 1-5 : Tutorial # 2   Lecture on Wed. Feb. 3

Week of Feb 8 - 12: Tutorial # 3 = 3 Midterm

 Midterm is cumulative: Mod. 1-6

CLST 301 - Lecture 7

Module 4

Uses of TERMINATIONS

1. A term can be composed entirely of a prefix + a termination.

ageusia  "lack of a sense of taste"

hyperosmia  "greater than normal sense of smell"

2. Some terminations are sometimes used as separate words.

-necrosis     dermonecrosis

necrosis       laryngeal  necrosis

-therapy       hydrotherapy

therapy        gene therapy

Vocabulary

• potential difficulties

• help with remembering the terms

• etymology (the history of a term)  [ this is testable material]

Anatomical Roots

choroid

chorioeides [Grk]   "skin-like"

cor-, core-, pupill-    "pupil"

kore ("maiden" grek.)     pupilla ("doll", Lat.)

dacry-, lacrim-     "tear" 

Indo-European: dakru

->  dakry- (dacry-) [Grk]

-> "d" changd to "l" [Ltn]

lacru

lacruma

lacrima

ir- , irid-     "iris"

Iris, goddess of rainbows

kerat-, cerat-    [Grk]

cornu-, corne-   [Ltn]      terms for  "cornea"

word means    "horn"   - hardness,  curvature

the cornea is hornlike, and it has curvature, which is why these

greek terms were used to represent cornea

"eye"   ophthalm-

pronunciation: "off-thalm"  (not "op-thalm")

phac-, phak- [Grk]  lent- [Ltn]    "lentil"  

shape of a lens

scler-         skleros [Grk]   "hard"

term for sclera

-sclerosis    "hardening"

"hardening of x"

Ear terminology

1. malleus   (A "hammer" which strikes an) [Ltn]

2. incus        ("anvil" upon which the)    [Ltn]

3. stapes      ( "stirrups" are made.)       [Ltn]

ERROR on the Mod. 4 Vocab. List:

tympan-   ear drum: tympanum;

  middle ear, including the eardrum, malleus, stapes, and incus

tympanum - ear drum

labyrinthos  [Grk]

connected with the Myth of theseus and the Minotaur

Theseus is a prince in Athens, at the time the people who lived in the island of Creet were the most powerful in the Medditteranean, and they wanted regular tributs of 10 young men andwomen,

Where they went to the island of Creet, put into a labrynth with one exit, no exits no lights, and in the labrynth lived a minotaur, who would then hunt and eat the 20 athenian youths.

Theseus convinced his father to let him do something about the situation, with the help of a Cretan Princess, he got into the labrynth, he put out a thread so he could find his way back, and lent him a sword.

Takes the Cretan princess, dumps her on an island on the way back.

…..anyways the part in the ear looks like a labrynth and so it is named.

cochle-   "cochlea"

-snail [Grk]

Roots: The Human Being and Senses

The goddess Hygeia

hygien-    "health"

"death"

necr-                Always implies an unnatural death

-necrosis

nekros [Grk]     "cropse"

thanat-              No implications: just "death."

thanatos [grk]   "death"

mort-                  No implications just "death"

mors [Ltn]    "death"

ped-*

Mod.2: "foot"

Mod.4: "child"

ped-    "foot"

Latin: pes, pedis    (pedicure)

ped-     paed-      "child"

Greek:   pais,   paidos     (pediatrician)

Terminations

-acousia    -acousis

"sense of hearing"      acoustics   

While english has a t,   the greek roots doesn't have a t.

-ectopia    "malposition of"

-ectopy     "displacement of"

ec + top + ia/y

ex-  

       "place"

     "out of place

top - place

ex. topography , study of how places look

-geusia,  -geustia      "sense of taste"

gusto  (Italian, Spanish)

gout    (French)

-orexia, -orexis   "appetite"

-rrh	-rh
-rrhagia	-rhagia
-rrhage	-rhage
-rrhea	-rhea
-rrhexis	-rhexis
-rrhaphy	must be double r

-rrhagia   vs.  -rrhea

Difference: relative speed and severity

-rrhagia    sudden, swift, profuse (hemorrhage- happen quickly, lots of blood)

-rrhea       (relatively)   less severe  or intense (diarrhea- happens less quickly)

-rrhaphy   "suture of"         think of the word "wrap" they are linguistically related

suturing of something (ex. stitches) , is like wrapping it up.

-therapy   "treatment of"

therapeutes  [Grk]

"servant, partic. one in temple of Asclepius"

People would go to the temple of A for healing, and there would be ppl there who aided them.

CLST 301-Lecture 6

A brief overview of Greek and Roman medicine
         religion
                                Greek and                                                                                        Roman medical Culture
philosophy                                                        bio-medicine
1. Bio-medical theories
1. Theory of humours    
umor = liquid (Latin)
The four humours
Fire, Air, Earth, Water
     Fire
hot                              dry
Air                                              Earth
wet                              cold
             Water
Fire - Bile (Choler) - choleric
Earth - Black Bile  - melancholic
Water- Phlegm  -phlegmatic
Air - Blood - sanguine
2. Theory of pneuma  ("breath, "spirit")
      i. something related to arteries
3. Corpusclar Theory
1. openings within the body, and (corpucsles) flowing through them, things flowing where they shouldn't, or things blocking the corpuscles moving through which causes disease
2. Bio-medical sects
1. Dogmatism
• various theories of disease aetiology (what causes a disease)
• importance of understanding human anatomy
• importance of considering the individual patient: physical temperament, environment, symptoms
2. Empiricism
• specific disease aetiology of no interest or consequence
• understanding of anatomy unnecessary
• physician must rely primarily upon prior experience in treating a patient
3. Methodism
• specific disease aetiology of no interest or consequence
• understanding of anatomy unnecessary
• treatment based on tightening or loosening channels to allow flow of corpuscles(Corpuscular Theory)
• popular since it promised swift, gentle therapies
Wasn't much difference between the treatments of different sects
3. Therapies
The sects all used the same treatments but had different reasons for using them
Two different approaches to medical treatment:
Principle of Contraries:
• treatment opposite to symptoms (e.g. treat a "wet" illness with dryness")
Principle of Similars:
• treatment the same as symptoms (e.g. treat a "wet" illness with more "wetness")
1. Diet
2. Rest or exercise
3. bathing
4. pharmaceuticals(herbs or minerals)
5. purging, or various sorts: bleeding, vomiting, enemas
6. surgery
7. cautery (burning the skin)
I swear by Apollo the Healer, by Asclepius, by Hygeia,
and by all the powers of healing,
and call to witness all the gods and goddesses
that I may keep this oath..
Hippocratic oath
Asclepius - God of Medicine
worships
at Epidauros ( in Greece)
Process for Being Healed at a Temple of Asclepius
• undergo ritual fasting and purification
• spend the night in the temple
• be visited in your dreams by Asclepius ( and he'll heal whatever illness )
• or be given directions that must be followed in the morning
• Make a testimonial offering when healed
5. Important figures in Greek and Roman Medicine
Hippocrates of Kos
• 5th Century BC
• "The Father of Medicine"
• 60+ medical texts in his name
• Dogmatist
Plato
• Interesting in relationship between soul and body
• wrote Timaeus
Aristotle
• Instituted study of comparative anatomy
• empirical investigations
• systematic classification of natural world
Dioscorides
• 1st Century AD
• Physician and pharmacologist
• De Materia Medica (" on medical matters")
Soranus
• 2nd Century AD physician
• Methodist
• Many medical works, but only Gynaecia survives in original Greek
• Latin translations of a few other works
Galen
• 2nd Century AD Dogmatist
• immense number of extant medical texts (100s)
• dissection work important
• Galen's theories immensely influential on history of Western medicine
Greek and Latin = about 94% of all terminology in medicine & biology
(with Greek by far in predominance)
1. Historical reasons
• Greek was the first language of medicine in the West.
• Greek medical texts put into Latin very early, to form important part of western science.
2. Linguistic reasons
• Ancient Greek and Latin are static.
• Greek and Latin forms easily incorporated into almost all modern European languages.
• Greek lends itself very well to combining forms to make longer more precise terms.