CLST 301 - Lecture 12- Final Lecture

Module 11 - Bodily Fluids

Anatomical Roots: The Urinary System

urin-

"urine"

"urinary tract"

"urination"

refers to the product, the act of peeing, and the tract itself

uroscopy

pyel-  "renal pelvis"

(the collecting "bowl" for urine in the kidney)

cyst-  "sac"

vesic-  "cyst" "bladder"

These roots are not limited to the urinary system, but

can be found throughout the body. It can refer to any

cyst or sacs in the body.

Related terminations:

-ruia   "condition of the urine" "urination"

 [substance root] -uria: presence of X in the urine

pyuria  "presence of pus in the urine"

If you have the prefix a- at the front, then the substance root,

then the root, then it's the "absence of pus in the urine"

apyuria

Anatomical Roots: The Endocrine and Lymphatic systems

adren-  "adrenal gland"

ad-renal  "near the kidney"

amygdal-  "tonsil"

tonsill-      amygdalos   almond (Grk)

called an almond in Greek not because of the shape

but because when it's swollen, it has the roughness of a n almond

splen-   "spleen"

lien-

melancholia "black bile"  melancholy

Bodily Substances

adip-

lip-

seb-

steat-      }  "fat" ["oil"]

tox-

toxic-

toxon-  {grk]

                     "poison"

ven-*

venen-

venom- (ltn)

-toxin

1. substance poisonous to X (= organ/tissue)

neurotoxin: "substance poisonous to the nerves"

2. poisonous substance present in X (= plant/animal)

arachnotoxin: "poisonous substance present in spiders"

anti- X-toxin

1. agent used to oppose the substance poisonous to X (= organ/tissue)

antieurotoxin "agent used to oppose substance poisonous to nerves"

2. agent used to oppose the poisonous substance present in X (= plant/animal)

anti-arachnotoxin "agent used to oppose poisonous substance present in spiders"

Miscellaneous Roots

aeti-  "cause"  [not aiti-]

eti-

"pronouced "eetee")

aetiology

etiology    "cause" [not usually: "the study of the cause"]

sept-  "septum"

saept-

all-  "other" "another" "divergent" "alternating" {not: "all"]

allogamy  "sexual union with others" [cross-fertilization]

oxy-    "acute, swift,sharp,sour" [as an adjective]

Attn: make sure to differentiate adjective from noun carefully for oxy-,

Compare:

oxycalcium "oxygen and calcium compound" [oxy- as a noun]

to

oxyopsia   "acute/sharp vision" [not: "vision of air"]  [oxy- as an adjective]

Terminations

-agogue

• an agent used to induce…

1. [an action]
1. hypnagogue: "agent used to induce sleeping" - a drug you take to help you sleep

2. the flow of [a substance]
1. hydragogue: "agent used to induce the flow of water"

3. a flow from [organ]
1. cholecystagoge: "agent used to induce flow from the gallbladder"

4. expulsion of [a foreign body]
1. lithagoge: "agent used to induce the expulsion of a stone"

anti-X- agogue

agent used to suppress. . .

1. [an action X]
1. antihypnagogue: "agent used to suppress sleeping" - redbull

2. the flow of [a substance x]
1. antihydragogue: "agent used to suppress…."

3. a flow from
1. anticholecystagoge: "agent used to suppress…"

4. expulsion of [foreign body X]
1. antilithagogue: "agent used to suppress…"

Module 12

Roots for Animals

zo-   "animal; living organism"  zo on    animal [Grk]

zoology (zo-o-logy)  "the study of animals"

zoological garden = zoo

ichthy-   "fish" "scaly" [grk]

can refer to other things that are scaly, not necessarily just fish or fish scales

pisc-     "fish"  [ltn]

herp-         "reptile"

herpet-     "snake"

"spreading blister" [herpes]

herpo   "to creep"  {Grk]

cortic-*   "bark" "outer layer"

corticous   "pertaining to bark"

cf.

corticospinal: "pertainig to the outer layer (of the brain) and the spinal cord"

corpor-  "body" "corpus"

corpus "body" {ltn]

• used extensively in Eng.
• you are responsible for knowing this word as a common english word

corpus uteri "the (main) body of the uterus"

7 Important Announcements

2. the final examination    -held in Osborne Centre, 2.5 hours in length

• must bring UBC Student Card… final exam marked by Dr. Reid

3. extended office hours in April..
4. Another practice Sheet will be posted
5. Etymology Assignment- you will be notified on announcement page as to when /where returned
6. 10% of addition to tutorials! yay!

CLST 301 - Lecture 11

Module 9

stom-      <-- can refer to any kind of mouth, that can be found in a biological structure

stomat-   "mouth"

or-     <-- used to refer to the mouth on your face

ex.

stoma   (pl. stomata)

adamant-   [add to list]

adamans  [Grk]

    hard, unyielding [of iron,steel, diamonds]

English: adamant

alve-

alveol-

"alveolus"

"tooth socket"

"any socket or hollow"

alveoli in the lungs

alveolus [Ltn]

originally a reference to a game "a game board [with small hollows]"

"uvula"   uvul-  [Ltn]

                 staphyl-   [Grk]

     "little grape"

gloss-

lingu-          "tongue" or "language"

Ouranus = Uranus

Ouranos  "the Sky God" [grk]   <-- when it's capitalized

ouranos  "the arch of the heavens" <---when it's not capitalized

"how the sky arches over ahead of you when you're looking up at the sky at night,

it's related by the "arch" inside the palette of your mouth"

phag-

-phagia

-phagy

eating, biting, swallowing, chewing, devouring" Context is very important

cheilophagia "chewing or biting on the lips" [not : "swallowing the lips"]

saliva   

ptyal- [Grk]

sial- {ltn]    "spit"

enter-    "intestines"

vs.

splanchn-

viscer-

enter-   "intestines"

sometimes called ["digstive tract"] or called ["alimentary canal"]

to do with the process of digestion… "enter-"

splanchn-  , viscer-  "viscera"

regers to all digestive organs plus internal organs (liver, lungs, heat, etc.)

pyloros [Grk] "gatekeeper"

duodenum    

late latin: "twelve (fingers)" because the duodenum is twelve fingers in length

ile-   ileum (section of intestinal tract)

vs.

ili-     ilium (upper pelvic bone)

Latin: ilia  "guts" "flanks"

proct-    rectum: anus; rectum and anus

rect-

rect-   "straight" [Ltn]

Aristotles" error:

-used analogy with animal anatomy

thought last portion of human intestines was

"straight"

sphincter-    "sphincter" {grk]

(any circular muscle enclosing an orifice) there are many

sphincters in the body, but most people think of the anal sphincter.

comes from sphinx

story

Oedipus and the Sphinx

Oedipus was abandoned at birth when he was borth, because before he was born, there was a seer who told them that this child would

murder their father and marry their  mother,

so when the child was born, they left him in the forest for wild animals to devour,

however, a passing sheperd passes by and saves the child and names him Oedipus.

When Oedipus grows up he decides to travel and save the world, on the way to Theves,

he encounters an old man whom he had a fight with, and kills him, this old man was his father,

he gets to the city Theves, and he meets a Sphinx who was sitting outside the city walls, to get in they had

to answer a riddle, if you can't answer it the sphinx devours you.

The riddle was

what goes on four legs in the morning, two legs in the afternoon, and 3 legs at the night.

He gave the right answer, The sphinx was upset, killed itself.

The ppl are impressed, bring him in to the city, and marries his mother.. the queen

The sphinx kills itself by strangling herself…

that movement that the sphinx makes to kill itself is the same motion that the sphincter makes…..

Oedipus Rex

Greek Tragedy by Sophocles 5th C BC

Other Miscellaneous Roots

arc-    extremities (limbs); height; tip

troph-

nutri-

nutrit-    "nutrition" "nourishment"

troph-   "growth"

atrophy "lack of growth" or "wasting away"

dystrophy "wasting away"

a- and dys- are essentially saying the same thing

nutri- doesn't have the idea of growth, just nutrition

Terminations

-plasia "proliferation" "growth" "development" [generally of cells or tissue]

-trophy  "growth"

1. -plasia ----> growth in num ber

-trophy  ---> growth in size

2. Both frequently used with a-, eu-, dys-, hyper-, hypo-

Module 10

rachi-

rrhachi-   (often after a voewl; will not be first element in a term)

<-- if it's in the middle of a term, you will likely see rrh-

coccyg-- "coccyx; tail bone"

<-- same shape of the bill of the cuckoo bird

coccyx [Grk]  -cuckoo bird

tibi-   "tibia"

tibia   (ltn) flute

fibul-  "fibula"

fibula  [Ltn]  pin, brooch… at the back of your leg

malleolus:  "the protrusion on both sides of the ankle" 

"little hammer" [Ltn]

phalang-  "finger bone(s) , toe bone(s) "

phalanx

muscle

my-  {grk]

myos-

muscul- [ltn]   "mouse" <--  (looks like a mouse around inside the arms…)

Three types of muscle, all used with root my-

1. rhabd-  "rod", "rod-shaped"

(when used with my- : "skeletal", "striated")

rhabdomy-  "striated muscle…"

2. lei-   "smooth"

leiomy-  "smooth muscle"

3. cardi-  "heart"

cardiomy- "heart muscle.."

myocardi-  "heart muscle…"

fasci-    "fascia"

(sheet of connective tissue enclosing a muscle)

fasces: bundle of rods with an axe

The Fascits:

Mussolini (Italy)

Hitler (germany)

ten-    "tendon"

tend-    

tendere   to stretch (Ltn)     <-- the thing that stretches between muscles and bones

desm-

syndesm-   "ligament"

ligament-

syndesm-  [not: "with a ligament"]

bursa [ltn[   <---- "purse"  filled with fluids .. and a purse is filled with ..things..

chondr-   "cartilage"

hypochondrium: the area under the cartilage (of the ribs)

in the same area under the cartilage, is located an organ called the spleen,

and the function of the spleen was unknown, and designed any disease

that they didn't know the root of the cause was the spleen.

hypocondriac:  "someone who imagines illnesses or thinks about their health too much"

Adjectives & Terminations

phylact-    "protection of"

-phylaxis   "protection against"

"protection by means of"

need to check the context to see which one the free should be used…

calciphylaxis: "protection by means of calcium" ["protection of calcium"?]

cryophylaxis:  "protection against extreme cold" ["protection by means of extreme cold"?]

cytophylaxis: "protection of cells"

CLST 301 - Lecture 10

Module- Blood and Sex

Module 7

didym-    "testis" "testicle"

didymos  "twin" [Grk]

orchid-   "testis"  "testicle" [Grk]    

The flower orchid was named after the word for testicles because they looked similar

phall-  [Grk]

pen-    [Ltn]

"penis"

phallus: the ritualistic or artistic representation of the penis

balan-    "glans penis"

comes from the greek word

balanos  [Grk]   which means "acorn"

vas-   "vas deferens"

vas "container, vessel" [Ltn]  

deferens    an adjective which means  "carrying down" [Ltn]

vas deferens is the "carrying down container/vessel"

colp-  "vagina"   <-- colp only refers to the vagina unlike sinus

kolpos [grk]   "pocket" "fold"

[compare: sinus [Ltn]]

vagin-   "vagina"   [Ltn]   stems from the meaning   "sword sheath"

salping-  "fallopian tube", "tube" 

tub-

salpinx, salpingos [Grk]

tuba   [Ltn]          mean "trumpet" which has essentially the shape of the fallopian tube

salping- or tub-   "for any part of the body with a tube"

o-  [Grk]     will be followed by a connecting vowel o. Pronounced phonetically O-Ah

ov- [Ltn]    "egg"

ovar-   "ovary"   [Ltn]

oophor-

oophor-  [Grk]

o-o-phor-  ("egg-carrier" )  -pronounced O-AH-FOR

hymen   "hymen"

Hymenaios   God of Marriage

cervic-,   trachel-     "cervix [of the uterus]"

[in all gynecological or obstetrical contexts]

Adjective Roots

An adjective root is a subordinate root which immediate precedes the root or termination which it modifies.

chromatophobia: "a resistance to straining b) coloured (dyes)"

archae-  (arche-)   [Grk]

1. "primitive" "ancient"   archaeology
2. "original" "first"  menarche ( a woman's first period)
3. "chief" "principal"    arch-enemy

aut-   "spontaneous" "itself" "own" "self"

** Breaks the rule for placement of adjective roots: usually at the beginning of a term (regardless of which root is being modified).

autocytolysis: "self-destruction of cells"

gymn-    "naked" [Grk]

Terminations

-atresia

"absesnce of [a normal] body opening"

-genesis  "formation, development, growth"

Implies the natural formation of something.    Compare: gene, genetics

Genesis refers to the natural formation of something, so it's something that naturally develops,

english words such as genes and genetics are related to this idea of natural growth, something that happens

that you would normally expect it to develop within the body and the society (an idea of naturality)

-poiesis "formation or development of; act of shaping"

There is no definitive difference between -gensis and -poiesis

Not implicity natural ( but could be).

Compare: poem, poet

Poets shape and form poems, so it is something that isn't naturally formed.

-gravida  "woman who is/was pregnant"

gravis   "heavy, full"  [Ltn]

-para   "woman who has given birth n times"

primigravida    first time

primipara    (a woman pregnant for the first time)

vs.

unigravida      once

unipara      ( a woman who has been pregnant once)

Module 8

Aristotle:

The heart is a hot , dry organ, the seat of cognition, motion, and sensation.

"The heart is, as it were, the hearthstone and source of the innate heat by which the animal is governed."  Galen

cardi-    "heart"

cardi-  + -it is  = carditis (not cardiitis)

atri-  "atrium" (pl. atria)  "chamber" (within any part of the body)

atrium [ltn]  chamber (leading to another chamber)

valv-      "valve"

valvul-

General terms for blood vessels

vas-     

vascul-  [ltn]

angi-   [ltn]

 "(blood) vessel"   [very often without a word for blood, but understood)]

vas "container, vessel" [ltn]

Specific blood vessels

aort-   [grk]    "aorta"

arteri-    "artery"

arteriol-    "arteriole" ( a smaller artery)

capillar-   "capillary"  "hair-like" [Ltn]  

phleb-         "vein"

ven-             "vein"

venul-         "venule"

varix    "twisted"  [Ltn]

varic-   varix, a "twisted" dilated vein

ser-   "serum"  (yellowish, watery component)    serum "whey"  [Ltn]

"blood"

roots and terminations

hem- [all grk]	-emia
haem-	-hemia
hermat-	-aemia
haemat	-haemia
sanguin-[ltn]

CLST 301 - Lecture 9

Module 6- Respiratory System; common substances

-logy    "study of"

-logical   "pertaining to the study of"

-logist  "a specialist in the study of"

dermatology  "the study of the skin"

dermatological  "pertaining to the study of the skin"

dermatologist   "a specialist in the study of the skin"

-logy  "[study]  of"

-logical "pertaining to [the study] of"

pathology

1. the study of disease
2. a condition produced by disease

would tend to choose b as the better description

pathological

1. pertaining to the study of disease
2. diseased
3. due to a disease

Anatomical Roots:  The Respiratory System

halit-   "breath"

compare:  

inhale

exhale    

halitosis   "a condition of the breath"  / "bad breath"

phren-    ,  phrenic-

1. mind
2. diaphragm

phren   [Grk]  (an organ of cognition located in the chest)

Plato though cognition was in the brain,

Aristotle though it occurred in the heart,

before them, the Greeks believed in various other organs

located in the chest which were used for thinking. One of them

was the phren, which was located right in the area where the

diaphragm exists. Thus, it's close correlation to that area connected

it to the diaphragm so it's used to represent diaphragm.

pne-     (-pnea)   <-corresponding termination

refer to the the Mechanics of Breathing

the shortest things refer to the large idea of breathing.

pneu-, pneum- ,pneumat-

refer to the gases that are exchanged,  (i.e oxygen, carbon dioxide)

pneumon-

_____

pulm-  (ltn)

pulmon-  

These are specific to the organ of respiration (the lung)

The longer the word is, the more specific it's meaning.

sin-,sinu-,sinus-      "sinus"

sinus (Latin)  "fold" "pocket"

Sinuses also located in anus, aorta, brain, bone, a leaf…

trache- 

trachus [Grk]   "rough"

The rough part of the respiratory system..

Substance Roots

acet-    "vinegar" "acid"

more likely that it's meaning is for acid

acetum [Ltn]   "sour wine"

Acetic acid, found in vinegar, was the earliest known acid.

myx-

muc-    "mucus" [noun]

vs.

myc-

mycet-       "fungus"

chol-,  chole-,  bili-

            [Grk]      [Ltn]

bile(choler)

blood                              black bile

    phlegm

chyl-   "chyle" "milky fluid in the intestine"

         [produced in the small intestine during digestion]

chym-  "chyme""gastric pulp" [thick, semi-fluid mixture which

leaves the stomach during digestion]

chylos and chymos [ Grk] "juice"

gli-   "glue"

coll-, gluten- ,  glutin-   "gelatin" , "jelly"

galact-  [Grk]

lact- [Ltn]    "milk"

galact- "milk"   a galaxy is literally "a milky thing"

kerat-, cerat-, [grk]

cornu-, corne- [ltn]    "horn"

lith-, -lith   "stone" "calculus" (pl. calculi)

formed from mineral salts in the body in the body, can be found

in the bladder, kidney, nose etc.

lith-  +-ectomy

           -ectomize

   -tomy

[location of stone] + lith + termiantoin

nephrolithotomy

"incision in the kidney to remove a stone"

[location of stone] + -lith

urolith

"calculus in the urine"

pharmac-      "drug"

pharmakon  [Grk] "drug""medicine""poison"

1. Midterms to be held during next week's tutorial
2. Practice sheet for creating and defining terms to be posted tommorow
3. release of vocab for mod 7: feb 11, mod 8: mar 2
4. first lecture after reading break: wed. mar 3

first tutorial after reading break: week of Mar.8

5. see website for details on when/where to pick up marked tutorial materials and marked midterms