Module 9
stom- <-- can refer to any kind of mouth, that can be found in a biological structure
stomat- "mouth"
or- <-- used to refer to the mouth on your face
ex.
stoma (pl. stomata)
adamant- [add to list]
adamans [Grk]
hard, unyielding [of iron,steel, diamonds]
English: adamant
alve-
alveol-
"alveolus"
"tooth socket"
"any socket or hollow"
alveoli in the lungs
alveolus [Ltn]
originally a reference to a game "a game board [with small hollows]"
"uvula" uvul- [Ltn]
staphyl- [Grk]
"little grape"
gloss-
lingu- "tongue" or "language"
Ouranus = Uranus
Ouranos "the Sky God" [grk] <-- when it's capitalized
ouranos "the arch of the heavens" <---when it's not capitalized
"how the sky arches over ahead of you when you're looking up at the sky at night,
it's related by the "arch" inside the palette of your mouth"
phag-
-phagia
-phagy
eating, biting, swallowing, chewing, devouring" Context is very important
cheilophagia "chewing or biting on the lips" [not : "swallowing the lips"]
saliva
ptyal- [Grk]
sial- {ltn] "spit"
enter- "intestines"
vs.
splanchn-
viscer-
enter- "intestines"
sometimes called ["digstive tract"] or called ["alimentary canal"]
to do with the process of digestion… "enter-"
splanchn- , viscer- "viscera"
regers to all digestive organs plus internal organs (liver, lungs, heat, etc.)
pyloros [Grk] "gatekeeper"
duodenum
late latin: "twelve (fingers)" because the duodenum is twelve fingers in length
ile- ileum (section of intestinal tract)
vs.
ili- ilium (upper pelvic bone)
Latin: ilia "guts" "flanks"
proct- rectum: anus; rectum and anus
rect-
rect- "straight" [Ltn]
Aristotles" error:
-used analogy with animal anatomy
thought last portion of human intestines was
"straight"
sphincter- "sphincter" {grk]
(any circular muscle enclosing an orifice) there are many
sphincters in the body, but most people think of the anal sphincter.
comes from sphinx
story
Oedipus and the Sphinx
Oedipus was abandoned at birth when he was borth, because before he was born, there was a seer who told them that this child would
murder their father and marry their mother,
so when the child was born, they left him in the forest for wild animals to devour,
however, a passing sheperd passes by and saves the child and names him Oedipus.
When Oedipus grows up he decides to travel and save the world, on the way to Theves,
he encounters an old man whom he had a fight with, and kills him, this old man was his father,
he gets to the city Theves, and he meets a Sphinx who was sitting outside the city walls, to get in they had
to answer a riddle, if you can't answer it the sphinx devours you.
The riddle was
what goes on four legs in the morning, two legs in the afternoon, and 3 legs at the night.
He gave the right answer, The sphinx was upset, killed itself.
The ppl are impressed, bring him in to the city, and marries his mother.. the queen
The sphinx kills itself by strangling herself…
that movement that the sphinx makes to kill itself is the same motion that the sphincter makes…..
Oedipus Rex
Greek Tragedy by Sophocles 5th C BC
Other Miscellaneous Roots
arc- extremities (limbs); height; tip
troph-
nutri-
nutrit- "nutrition" "nourishment"
troph- "growth"
atrophy "lack of growth" or "wasting away"
dystrophy "wasting away"
a- and dys- are essentially saying the same thing
nutri- doesn't have the idea of growth, just nutrition
Terminations
-plasia "proliferation" "growth" "development" [generally of cells or tissue]
-trophy "growth"
- -plasia ----> growth in num ber
-trophy ---> growth in size
- Both frequently used with a-, eu-, dys-, hyper-, hypo-
Module 10
rachi-
rrhachi- (often after a voewl; will not be first element in a term)
<-- if it's in the middle of a term, you will likely see rrh-
coccyg-- "coccyx; tail bone"
<-- same shape of the bill of the cuckoo bird
coccyx [Grk] -cuckoo bird
tibi- "tibia"
tibia (ltn) flute
fibul- "fibula"
fibula [Ltn] pin, brooch… at the back of your leg
malleolus: "the protrusion on both sides of the ankle"
"little hammer" [Ltn]
phalang- "finger bone(s) , toe bone(s) "
phalanx
muscle
my- {grk]
myos-
muscul- [ltn] "mouse" <-- (looks like a mouse around inside the arms…)
Three types of muscle, all used with root my-
- rhabd- "rod", "rod-shaped"
(when used with my- : "skeletal", "striated")
rhabdomy- "striated muscle…"
- lei- "smooth"
leiomy- "smooth muscle"
- cardi- "heart"
cardiomy- "heart muscle.."
myocardi- "heart muscle…"
fasci- "fascia"
(sheet of connective tissue enclosing a muscle)
fasces: bundle of rods with an axe
The Fascits:
Mussolini (Italy)
Hitler (germany)
ten- "tendon"
tend-
tendere to stretch (Ltn) <-- the thing that stretches between muscles and bones
desm-
syndesm- "ligament"
ligament-
syndesm- [not: "with a ligament"]
bursa [ltn[ <---- "purse" filled with fluids .. and a purse is filled with ..things..
chondr- "cartilage"
hypochondrium: the area under the cartilage (of the ribs)
in the same area under the cartilage, is located an organ called the spleen,
and the function of the spleen was unknown, and designed any disease
that they didn't know the root of the cause was the spleen.
hypocondriac: "someone who imagines illnesses or thinks about their health too much"
Adjectives & Terminations
phylact- "protection of"
-phylaxis "protection against"
"protection by means of"
need to check the context to see which one the free should be used…
calciphylaxis: "protection by means of calcium" ["protection of calcium"?]
cryophylaxis: "protection against extreme cold" ["protection by means of extreme cold"?]
cytophylaxis: "protection of cells"
